Signaling pathways controlling second heart field development.
نویسندگان
چکیده
Insight into the mechanisms underlying congenital heart defects and the use of stem cells for cardiac repair are major research goals in cardiovascular biology. In the early embryo, progenitor cells in pharyngeal mesoderm contribute to the rapid growth of the heart tube during looping morphogenesis. These progenitor cells constitute the second heart field (SHF) and were first identified in 2001. Direct or indirect perturbation of SHF addition to the heart results in congenital heart defects, including arterial pole alignment defects. Over the last 3 years, a number of studies have identified key intercellular signaling pathways that control the proliferation and deployment of SHF progenitor cells. Here, we review data concerning Wnt, fibroblast growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein, Hedgehog, and retinoic acid signaling that have begun to identify the ligand sources and responding cell types controlling SHF development. These studies have revealed the importance of signals from pharyngeal mesoderm itself, as well as critical inputs from adjacent pharyngeal epithelia and neural crest cells. Proliferation is emerging as a central checkpoint in the regulation of SHF development. Together, these studies contribute to defining the niche of cardiac progenitor cells in the early embryo, and we discuss the implications of these findings for the regulation of resident stem cell populations in the fetal and postnatal heart. Characterization of signals that maintain, expand, and regulate the differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells is essential for understanding both the etiology of congenital heart defects and the biomedical application of stem cell populations for cardiac repair.
منابع مشابه
Signaling Pathways Controlling Second Heart Field Development [2009;104:933–942] Heart Valve Development: Regulatory Networks in Development and Disease The Forgotten Lineage: Cardiac Fibroblasts and the Role of Periostin Conduction System Specification
In recent years, significant advances have been made in the definition of regulatory pathways that control normal and abnormal cardiac valve development. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the early development of valve progenitors and establishment of normal valve structure and function. Regulatory hierarchies consisting of a variety of signaling pathways, transcr...
متن کاملThe Role of miRNA Dysregulation in Thyroid Cancer Development by Targeting the Main Signaling Pathways
Thyroid cancer is one of the most common malignancies of endocrine glands, causing carcinomas, such as papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Due to the significance of thyroid carcinomas, identification of the main signaling pathways and the affecting mutations has been considered by researchers. Further studies on the dysregulation of oncogenes in signaling path...
متن کاملGene Expression Profile Analysis during Mouse Tooth Development
Introduction: Complex molecular pathways involve in development of different tissues such as teeth. Differential gene expression patterns during teeth development generates different tooth types. Teeth development results from interactions between oral epithelium and underlying ectomesenchyme cells with neural crest origin. Teeth development are regulated by different signaling networks. In thi...
متن کاملThe Canonical Wnt Signaling (Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway): A Potential Target for Cancer Prevention and Therapy
Precise regulation of signal transduction pathways is crucial for normal animal development and for maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis in adults. The Wnt/Frizzled-mediated signaling includes canonical and non-canonical signal transduction pathways. Upregulation or downregulation of the canonical Wnt-signaling (or the Wnt/β-Catenin signal transduction) leads to a variety of human diseas...
متن کاملThe Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Signaling Pathways Promoting Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Various factors are involved in the development and progression of this disease. One of these agents is cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 is a product of the PTGS2 gene and converts free arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. COX-2 is not naturally expressed in most normal cells. Noticeably, the increased expression of COX-2 has been ...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید
ثبت ناماگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید
ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Circulation research
دوره 104 8 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2009